![]() The braves or maidens began their vision quest before the age of twelve at puberty. When they reached puberty, the braves exhibited their manhood on horseback with the bow, lance and shield. Young braves were taught early to hunt for food using bow and arrows. Neighboring tribes referred to them using sign language in a slithering hand motion to describe how the Shoshoni disappeared behind rocks like snakes. The Bannock, Paiute and Shoshoni tribes were called Snake Indians. Various tribes used universal sign language to communicate, if there was no interpreter. Messages on bark were left along the trail. ![]() Maps, historic accounts and murals were etched in stone and depicted events, recorded in time. Indians carved elaborate petro-glyphs in caves, on rock walls, boulders and flat stones. No written language existed in the beginning. The Treaty of Laramie, Wyoming Territory-Cheyenne and Lakota Chiefs, (left to right) Spotted Tail, Roman-Nose, One-Old-Man-Afraid-of-His-Horses, Horn, Whistling Elk, Pipe and Slow Bull. Mining & Industrial Exposition, Southern Ute Indians, Denver, Colorado A single quotation mark (‘) means a glottal stop. A colon after a vowel (:) signifies that it is prolonged and drawn out. The Comanche dialect is made up of different symbols for various short vowel sounds. A dental t is formed by placing the tongue gainst the upper teeth instead of the fore-palate. A flapped r is one produced when the tongue is placed against the roof of the mouth and quickly let drop while forming the r. The bilabial fricative is like a v, but the sound is produced with the lips held together instead of putting the upper teeth over the lower lip. In the Comanche language, vowels are pronounced phonetically, like ay, ee, ii, oh and ou. Comanche Indians spoke the same language as the Shoshoni Indians, but the dialect varied over time. Shoshonean covers a widespread language family who ranged mainly over California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah and Wyoming, including the Arizonan Hopi and the Mexican Aztec Indians. They were a breed of Shoshoni that spoke similar dialects of the Uto-Aztecan (Shoshonean) language speaking family, known as numic speakers akin to the Bannock, Paiute and Ute tribes in the same language stock. As horse-mounted buffalo hunters they were classified as Plains Indians. Prior to the horse, Shoshoni bands were pedestrian or walking Indians. The word chief designated authority in books written about Indians in English. Indian agents picked one man as head man to represent the whole tribe, translated into English as the word chief invented by the white man. Head-chief was the head man, or leader who might have served as hunt or war leader. When family bands joined in a village or winter camp, they usually had a head chief, band chief or headman, social director of ceremonies, dances, festivals, hunts and war. An autonomous composite group was also referred to as a band. Shoshoni families banded together as an extended family of two or three generations that lived and traveled in one band. Shoshonis were made up of bands, rather than clans. If a woman desired more than one husband, she could marry her husband’s younger brother. Non-related wives had to live in separate lodges. As a result, many Plains Indian tribes practiced polygamy, which was the act of having more than one husband or wife.Ī man who married an Indian bride took her younger sisters for wives, also and the family dwelled in the same lodge. Because there were larger populations of women in the band, they practiced polygamy in marriage. Male warriors died in combat and lived more strenuous lives than the females. The Shoshoni Indians followed the custom of arraigned marriages. Authority and possessions were passed down through the father’s line. The husband’s extended family lived in the territory of the tribe of his father. When white men saw the Bannock, Paiute and Shoshoni women digging roots, they called them Digger Indians. Shoshonis called themselves Newe or numunuh, meaning the people or the human beings. Natural resources of these regions were rich and teemed with fish, flora and fauna to comfortably sustain them in the northern Great Basin and Plateau cultural regions. ![]() The climate was suitable and relatively mild except for intense summer heat and heavy snowfall. ![]() The Northern Shoshoni Indians withdrew into the Plateau and the Great Basin regions of the Rocky Mountains known as present day central Idaho. The mighty Blackfeet braves attacked the Shoshoni people and pushed them farther west. Constant raids by the powerful Sioux Indians in Canada and North America forced the Shoshoni Indians onto the Plains.
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